Canterbury
Waitaha
Planned as an Anglican settlement in 1850 and built on the wheat and wool of the plains. Christchurch was for a long stretch the country's second city.
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10 events in Canterbury between 1830 and 1997
The Elizabeth affair
A British captain hid Te Rauparaha’s war party aboard his brig to capture the Ngāi Tahu chief Te Maiharanui — an affair that strengthened calls for an official British presence.
Akaroa HarbourFrench settlers arrive at Akaroa
About 60 French and German settlers landed at Akaroa on Banks Peninsula in August 1840, a week after a British warship had raised the flag and held courts there. The French colony they came to found became a small French village in a British colony.
AkaroaThe first four ships reach Lyttelton
The Canterbury Association landed its first Anglican settlers at Lyttelton, the port for a planned Christchurch on the plains beyond the Port Hills.
LytteltonThe Lyttelton rail tunnel opens
A 2.6 km bore through the rim of an extinct volcano finally joined Christchurch to its port; Te Ara and NZHistory describe it as the first tunnel in the world driven through a volcano.
LytteltonThe Ōtira tunnel pierces the Southern Alps
An 8.5 km tunnel under Arthur’s Pass completed the transalpine railway between Christchurch and Greymouth, and was then the longest tunnel outside the Alps.
ŌtiraDepression riots
Unemployed relief workers smashed and looted shops down Queen Street, after earlier trouble in Dunedin. Wellington had its own riot in May.
Queen Street, AucklandThe Ballantynes fire
Forty-one people, all but two of them staff, died in a department store fire in central Christchurch, most of them trapped on the upper floors.
ChristchurchTelevision broadcasting begins
AKTV2 went to air in Auckland for three hours on its first night, opening with The Adventures of Robin Hood. At first regular programmes went out only on Wednesday nights.
AucklandBenmore dam and the Cook Strait cable
The largest earth dam in the country was built to feed a high-voltage link under Cook Strait, sending South Island hydro power north.
Waitaki ValleyThe Ngāi Tahu settlement
A grievance first formally stated in 1849 was finally settled: $170 million, an apology, and Aoraki/Mount Cook, vested in the iwi and gifted back to the nation, over land covering most of the South Island.
Ōnuku Marae, AkaroaMeanwhile, nationally
34 events that reached Canterbury along with most of the country. They still shade the map and sit on the timeline above, but they are not Canterbury’s own history.
New Zealand Constitution Act
Representative government arrived, divided into six provinces — and the property franchise excluded almost all Māori, who held land communally.
Settlers outnumber Māori
Around 1858 settlers came to outnumber Māori for the first time. The census counted about 59,000 Europeans; rougher counts put Māori at 56,000 to 60,000, about three-fifths of their number when Cook arrived.
Māori Representation Act
Four Māori seats were created as a temporary measure, giving Māori men the vote twelve years before all Pākehā men got it.
Vogel’s public works and immigration scheme
Julius Vogel borrowed heavily in London — £10 million by 1876 — to build railways, roads and telegraph lines, and to bring in about 100,000 assisted migrants.
The provinces are abolished
The nine provincial governments were abolished, leaving central government as the single legislative authority, with new counties in rural areas while towns carried on unchanged.
Education Act — free, secular and compulsory
A national primary system, free and compulsory for Pākehā children aged 7 to 13, and deliberately secular to avoid conflict between the churches.
First refrigerated cargo sails for London
The Dunedin left Port Chalmers with 4,000–5,000 frozen carcasses (sources differ) and reached London 98 days later with the cargo sound. Te Ara notes the voyage is seen as a watershed in New Zealand’s economic development.
Port ChalmersThe Liberals take power
New Zealand’s first modern political party began 21 years in government, with reforms that led many to see the country as ‘the social laboratory of the world’.
Women win the vote
New Zealand became the first self-governing country in the world where women could vote in national elections. Kate Sheppard’s 1893 petitions held nearly 32,000 signatures.
ChristchurchOld-age pensions introduced
One of the first state pensions anywhere — means-tested, character-tested, and closed to Chinese and other Asian residents.
New Zealand troops sent to the South African War
The first overseas war New Zealand fought as a country: about 6,500 men and 8,000 horses, and some 230 deaths.
Ernest Rutherford wins the Nobel Prize
Born at Spring Grove near Brightwater and raised partly on a family farm, Ernest Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, then discovered the atomic nucleus and split the atom.
Brightwater, NelsonNew Zealand enters the First World War
About 100,000 served overseas from a population of just over a million. Around 18,000 died and there were some 41,000 instances of wounding or illness; no other British dominion lost a higher share of its military-age men.
The Gallipoli landing
New Zealand troops landed on the Gallipoli peninsula on 25 April. In all, 2,779 died, about one in six of those who served there. The date became the country’s day of remembrance.
Passchendaele — the worst day
An attack on Bellevue Spur in Flanders mud, against uncut wire and without effective artillery support, killed 843 New Zealanders in a few hours.
The influenza pandemic
About 9,000 people died in two months — roughly half as many as died in four years of war. Māori died at more than eight times the Pākehā rate.
The first Labour government
Michael Joseph Savage led Labour to a landslide in 1935 and built the welfare state: state houses, guaranteed dairy prices, a 40-hour week and free hospital care under the Social Security Act.
WellingtonSocial Security Act
Free hospital care, subsidised doctors’ visits and a comprehensive array of benefits, meant to protect New Zealanders ‘from the cradle to the grave’.
New Zealand declares war on Germany
‘Where she goes, we go’ — 140,000 served overseas and nearly 12,000 died, from a population of 1.6 million.
The great Māori urban migration
Māori went from 26 percent urban in 1945 to nearly 80 percent by 1986 — a migration Te Ara says has been described as the most rapid movement of any population.
Kayforce sent to Korea
About 4,700 New Zealanders served in Kayforce and 1,300 on navy frigates during seven years in Korea; 45 died, 33 of them during the war.
The 1951 waterfront dispute
Lockout and strike ran for 151 days. Emergency regulations made it a crime even to give food to a watersider’s children.
Wellington waterfrontEdmund Hillary summits Everest
An Auckland beekeeper and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Everest, and the news was released in London on the morning of the Queen’s coronation.
AucklandThe 1953–54 royal tour
Elizabeth II became the first reigning monarch to visit New Zealand. Perhaps three in four New Zealanders saw her in person.
Decimal currency day
Pounds, shillings and pence became dollars and cents, promoted by a cartoon character called Mr Dollar.
Britain joins the EEC
Britain had been New Zealand’s great market for lamb, butter and cheese since the first frozen-meat shipment in 1882. Now that market began to close.
The Erebus disaster
An Air New Zealand sightseeing flight to Antarctica flew into Mount Erebus in whiteout conditions. All 257 people aboard died.
Departed Auckland AirportThe Springbok tour
Fifty-six days that split the country. Protesters occupied the pitch at Hamilton and stopped the game; by the final test, police in riot gear fought crowds outside Eden Park.
Rugby Park, HamiltonRogernomics — the economy is deregulated
A Labour government floated the dollar, removed farm subsidies and tariffs, and sold state assets in a radical programme of market liberalisation.
Waitangi Tribunal jurisdiction backdated to 1840
The Tribunal could now investigate Crown breaches all the way back to 1840, and the number of claims rose hugely.
The 1987 sharemarket crash
The New Zealand market fell further than almost any other and took years longer to recover, badly burning many small ‘mum and dad’ investors.
AucklandNew Zealand votes for MMP
By 54 to 46 percent, voters replaced first-past-the-post with mixed-member proportional representation, after decades of falling trust in politicians.
The first MMP election
The first proportional Parliament took two months of negotiation to produce a government, and looked more like the country than any before it.
Jenny Shipley becomes the first woman Prime Minister
Shipley replaced Jim Bolger in a party-room coup. Two years later Helen Clark’s Labour Party won the election, and a woman held the office continuously until 2008.
Wellington